Cultural Traditions:

• Filial piety in East Asia

• Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia

• Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women

• Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea

New Islamic political entities:

• Seljuk Empire

• Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt

• Delhi sultanates

Hindu/Buddhist States:

• Vijayanagara Empire

• Srivijaya Empire

• Rajput kingdoms

• Khmer Empire

• Majapahit

• Sukhothai kingdom

• Sinhala dynasties

State systems in the Americas:

• Maya city-states

• Mexica

• Inca

• Chaco

• Mesa Verde

• Cahokia

State Systems of Africa

• Great Zimbabwe

• Ethiopia

• Hausa kingdoms

Growth of states:

• City-states of the Swahili Coast

• Gujarat

• Sultanate of Malacca

Transfers:

• Preservation of commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy

• House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad

• Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain

Technological and cultural transfers:

• Transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to western Europe

• Transfer of numbering systems to Europe

• Adoption of Uyghur script

Diffusion of cultural traditions:

• The influence of Buddhism in East Asia

• The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia

• The spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

Diffusion of scientific or technological innovations:

• Gunpowder from China

• Paper from China

Travelers:

• Ibn Battuta

• Margery Kempe

• Marco Polo

Diffusion of crops:

• Bananas in Africa

• New rice varieties in East Asia

• Spread of citrus in the Mediterranean

Competition over trade routes:

• Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean

• Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

Increased peasant and artisan labor:

• Western Europe--wool and linen

• India--cotton

• China--silk

Local resistance:

• Pueblo Revolts

• Fronde

• Cossack revolts

• Maratha conflict with Mughals

• Ana Nzinga’s resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba)

• Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)

Slave Resistance:

• The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil

• North American slave resistance

Differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy:

• Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire

• Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China

• Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire

Existing elites:

• Ottoman timars

• Russian boyars

• European nobility

Demands:

• Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

• Olympe de Gouges’s Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen

• Seneca Falls Conference (1848) organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Call for national unification or liberation:

• Propaganda Movement in the Philippines

• Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars in New Zealand

• Puerto Rico--writings of Lola Rodriguez de Tio

• German and Italian unifications

• Balkan nationalism

• Ottomanism

Return of migrants:

• Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific

• Lebanese merchants in the Americas

• Italian industrial workers in Argentina

Migrants:

• Irish to the United States

• British engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa

Migrant ethnic enclaves:

• Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America

• Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia

• Irish in North America

• Italians in North and South America

Regulation of Immigrants:

• Chinese Exclusion Act

• White Australia policy

Decline of Middle Eastern and Asian share in global manufacturing:

• Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia

• Iron works in India

• Textile production in India and Egypt

State-sponsored visions of industrialization:

• Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt

Transnational businesses:

• Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)

• Unilever based in England and the Netherlands and operating in British West Africa and the Belgian Congo

Financial instruments:

• Stock markets

• Limited-liability corporations

Resource export economies:

• Cotton production in Egypt

• Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin

• The palm oil trade in West Africa

• The guano industries in Peru and Chile

• Meat from Argentina and Uruguay

• Diamonds from Africa

Industrialized states practicing economic imperialism:

• Britain and France expanding their influence in China through the Opium Wars

• The construction of the Port of Buenos Aires with the support of British firms

Commodities that contributed to European and American advantage:

• Opium produced in the Middle East or South Asia and exported to China

• Cotton grown in South Asia and Egypt and exported to Great Britain and other European countries

• Palm oil produced in sub-Saharan Africa and exported to European countries

• Copper extracted in Chile

Territorial gains:

• Transfer of former German colonies to Great Britain and France under the system of League of Nations mandates

• Manchukuo/Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Anti-imperial resistance:

• Indian National Congress

• West African resistance (strikes/congresses) to French rule

Western democracies mobilizing for war:

• Great Britain under Winston Churchill

• United States under Franklin Roosevelt

Totalitarian state mobilizing for war:

• Germany under Adolf Hitler

• USSR under Joseph Stalin

Nationalist leaders and parties:

• Indian National Congress

• Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam)

• Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana)

• Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt

Negotiated independence:

• India from the British Empire

• The Gold Coast from the Empire

• French West Africa

Independence through armed struggle:

• Algeria from the French empire

• Angola from the Portuguese empire

• Vietnam from the French empire

Regional, religious, and ethnic movements:

• Muslim League in British India

• Quebecois separatist movement in Canada

• Biafra secessionist in Nigeria

States created by redrawing of political boundaries:

• Israel

• Cambodia

• Pakistan

Responses that intensified conflict:

• Chile under Augusto Pinochet

• Spain under Francisco Franco

• Uganda under Idi Amin

• The buildup of the military-industrial complex and weapons trading

Government intervention in the economy:

• The New Deal

• The fascist corporatist economy

• Governments with strong popular support in Brazil and Mexico

Governments guiding economic life:

• Gamal Abdel Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt

• Indira Gandhi's economic policies in India

• Julius Nyerere’s modernization in Tanzania

• Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s economic policies in Sri Lanka

Land and resource redistribution:

• Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence

• Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia

• Land reform in Kerala and other states within India

• White Revolution in Iran

Economic movements:

• World Fair Trade Organization

Governments’ increased encouragement of free-market policies:

• The United States under Ronald Reagan

• Britain under Margaret Thatcher

• China under Deng Xiaoping

• Chile under Augusto Pinochet

Knowledge economies:

• Finland

• Japan

• U.S.

Asian production and manufacturing economies:

• Vietnam

• Bangladesh

Latin American production and manufacturing economies:

• Mexico

• Honduras

Economic institutions and regional trade agreements:

• World Trade Organization (WTO)

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Multinational corporations:

• Nestle

• Nissan

• Mahindra and Mahindra

Genocide, ethnic violence, or attempted destruction of specific populations:

• Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during and after World War I

• Cambodia during the late 1970s

• Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s

• Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s

Non-Aligned Movement:

• Sukarno in Indonesia

• Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana

Proxy wars:

• Korean War

• Angolan Civil War

• Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

Migrations:

• South Asians to Britain

• Algerians to France

• Filipinos to the United States

Movements that used violence:

• Shining Path

• Al-Qaeda

Challenges to assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion:

• The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially as it sought to protect the rights of children, women, and refugees

• Global feminism movements

• Negritude movement

• Liberation theology in Latin America

Increased access to educational and political and professional roles:

• The right to vote and/or to hold public office granted to women in the United States (1920), Brazil (1932), Turkey (1934), Japan (1945), India (1947), and Morocco (1963)

• The rising rate of female literacy and the increasing numbers of women in higher education, in most parts of the world

• The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965

• The end of apartheid

• Caste reservation in India

Responses to economic globalization:

• Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism

• Advent of locally developed social media (Weibo in China)

Global culture:

• Music: Reggae

• Movies: Bollywood

• Social media: Facebook, Twitter

• Television: BBC

• Sports: World Cup soccer, the Olympics

Global consumerism:

• Online commerce: Alibaba, eBay

• Global brands: Toyota, Coca-Cola